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A climbing route () is a path by which a reaches the top of a mountain, a rock-face, or an ice-covered obstacle. Climbing routes are recorded in a climbing guidebooks and/or in online climbing-route databases. Details recorded include the type of climbing route (e.g. route, route, traditional climbing route, route, or route, etc.), the difficulty grade of the route–and the beta for its crux(es)–including any risk or commitment-grade, the length and number of pitches of the route, and the climbing equipment (e.g. climbing protection gear) that is needed to complete the route.

Definitions have been agreed on what determines a valid ascent of a route (e.g. the redpoint in rock climbing), and on the classes or styles of ascent (e.g. , flashed). The coveted (FA), first free ascent (FFA), and first female free ascent (FFFA), are chronicled for most routes. After a route is established, variations can be created (e.g. directessimas, sit starts, or ), and climbers will try to improve on the style in which the route is climbed (e.g. minimizing or removing other supports such as oxygen or ). Some climbers will try to reduce or limit the in-situ climbing protection (e.g. greenpointing) or will try to completely the route. Others seek to set records on routes.

The ascent of ever-harder routes is an integral key part of the history of climbing, and each type of climbing has notable routes that set major new milestones of difficulty. There are ongoing debates amongst climbers about routes including the naming of routes, the creation of new routes by artificially altering the surface (e.g. chipping in rock climbing), the role of completely artificial indoor routes (e.g. The Project), the level and maintenance of in-situ climbing protection on routes (e.g. providing permanent bolted protection anchors) and the ethical issue of (e.g. turning traditional climbing routes into safer sport climbing bolted routes).

Details
Climbing routes are usually chronicled in a climbing guidebook, a climbing journal (e.g. the American Alpine Journal or the Himalayan Journal), and/or in an online route database (e.g. theCrag.com or ), where the key details of the route are listed, such as:

Physical
  • (or crag). Routes are often clustered together in a general "climbing area", which is also known as a "crag". Notable climbing areas include: (for big wall climbing in the US), Clogwyn Du'r Arddu (for traditional climbing in the UK), , and (for in France).
  • Route name. While rock and modern ice climbing routes can have any name, offensive names are removed from databases and guidebooks. In countries such as France the person who created the route names it, whereas in others such as the US and UK, the first person to ascend the route names it (e.g. the Realization/Biographie controversy). Alpine routes tend to have names based on the peak or the first ascender and the geological feature, such as the or the Walker Spur.
  • Type and condition of the surface. Different types of rock, such as , , or , present different challenges in terms of friction and types of holds. The typical condition of the rock (e.g. solid or crumbling, or dry and damp) might be noted. Ice climbers will differentiate between the type of ice (e.g. water ice, permanent alpine ice), and the stability of the ice surface (e.g. sheet ice, thick ice).
  • Graphical topo of the route. Most guidebooks will include a photograph or drawing showing the line of the route. For more complicated routes (and for longer multi-pitch routes), a more detailed "topo" (short for topographic) illustration will include symbols for key obstacles (e.g. roofs, overhangs, aretes) and key features (e.g. corners, cracks) encountered on the route; and information on the crux(es).
  • Length and number of pitches. A key detail is the length of the route, which can vary from a few metres for a route, to several thousand metres for a big wall climbing or route. Longer routes are broken up into "pitches", which are less than a rope length; climbers will each pitch one at a time. For example, The Nose is over 880-metres long, and breaks up into 31-pitches.

Climbing
  • Type of climb and equipment needed. A key detail is whether climbing protection is already in-situ (i.e. ), or must be inserted while climbing (i.e. traditional climbing). The protection equipment needed on traditional climbing routes will vary depending on the type of challenge presented (e.g. , , etc.). Some routes may require and/or equipment.
  • Grade of difficulty and risk. Routes are graded for their difficulty – particularly for the crux(es) – and the availability of adequate protection. Each route type will use the appropriate grading system such as: boulder grades, sport grades, traditional grades, aid grades, or ice grades. Big wall grade and alpine grade systems have additional grades for the level of commitment and seriousness of the route.
  • Estimated timings (for longer routes). Multi-pitch climbs (e.g. big wall and alpine climbs) will include details of the estimated timetable for the route, which might go from hours to several days and weeks. These timings may include additional information on key milestones that need to be reached in a given time to achieve the overall route timetable and to complete the route safely with sufficient provisions.
  • History of (FA), first free ascent (FFA), and first female free ascent (FFFA). Guidebooks record the first person(s) to do the FA, FFA, and FFFA, including the "style" of the ascent and whether it was practiced beforehand by . The type of aid used for the FA might be recorded, as well as near-FFAs that used minor aid. On alpine routes, the first winter ascent is recorded.
  • Popularity and other feedback. Modern guidebooks will include a popularity rating for individual routes in the climbing area (e.g. awarding 3-stars to the most popular/best-regarded routes, which are often called "classics"). They may also include additional climber feedback (or beta) on the route such as whether it requires muscle power, balance/footwork, or strong fingers to be successful.

Terminology
Types of routes
Climbers will often differentiate climbing routes by the general types of challenges they present. For example, in rock-climbing the four main types of challenges are:
(2022). 9781493056262, Falcon Guides.

  • , are routes following a system of crack(s) that the climber uses to ascend the route; the width of the crack dictates the techniques needed, and crack-climbs are further differentiated by the body parts that can be 'jammed' into them.
    (2022). 9781493056262, Falcon Guides.
    (2020). 9781493056262, Vertebrate Publishing.
  • , where the rock face is fully vertical, unlike in slab climbing, and is largely featureless, unlike in crack climbing; face-climbing routes are typically sustained and exposed, and longer multi-pitch routes can become big wall climbing.
  • , where the rock face is 'off-angle' and not fully vertical; while the softer angle enables climbers to place more of their body weight on their feet, slab climbs maintain the challenge by having smaller holds.
  • Overhang (or roof) climbing, where the rock face leans back at an angle of over 90 degrees for part or all of the climb, and at its most severe can be a horizontal roof; most of the hardest modern climbs are continuously overhanging.

Similarly, in alpine climbing or in mountaineering, climbers will distinguish between routes — or parts of routes — that are mainly in sheltered or gullys from routes that are mainly on exposed arêtes or buttresses, as it they may require different types of equipment and/or techniques to overcome.

Types of ascents
The definition of what is classed as a valid ascent of a climbing route is a redpoint. Many routes may not be climbed on the first attempt, and will require days (and in some cases, years) of attempts; when a climber undertakes such a task, it is sometimes called projecting a route (i.e. the route becomes a "project"). When a climber does climb the route on their first attempt without any falls and without any prior knowledge of how to climb the route (which is called beta), it is known as an ; where the climber had prior beta on the route, it is known as a flash.
(2009). 9781594852701, Mountaineers Books.
Alpine climbers distinguish whether the ascent was made in summer or in the more difficult winter season (e.g. it was not until 2021 that K2 was climbed in winter).

Climbers will also seek to improve the "style" in which a route is climbed. A route that uses a lot of aid climbing will be reclimbed with less and less aid until it is eventually "" (i.e. using no aid, either as a sport or a traditional climb). Greenpointing refers to the process of even removing any existing in-situ sport climbing protection bolts to ascend the route as a traditional climb. Alpine climbers seek to complete established high-altitude "" routes in with no supplemental oxygen or any , and even . Free solo climbers seek to ascend a route with no protection equipment whatsoever (e.g. as in the 2018 film, ). Some big wall climbers set records on routes (e.g. The Nose).

(2025). 9780898867480, Mountaineers Books.

Variations of routes
When a climbing route has been established, variations may be added, a typical one being a more "direct" line (e.g. a direct start or direct finish) of the original route, also called a direttissima in alpine climbing, and thus not avoiding the difficult obstacles that the original route went around (e.g. a roof or an overhang, or a section with minimal holds). Boulder climbers might add a harder sit start "SS" (or sit-down-start, "SDS") variation to a boulder route (e.g. the SDS of Dreamtime is graded well above the standing start version). Alpine and big wall climbers often seek to link established routes together in a larger (or "link-up") route (e.g. the notable Moonwalk Traverse of the entire in ).

The straightforward and frequently used (and usually easiest and often the original) route up a is often called the (; ) in mountaineering.

(2005). 9781461703310, Taylor Trade Publishing. .

Debates
Naming of routes
Traditionally, in many countries, the person who made the first ascent of a route was allowed to name it (in France, the naming rights go to whoever first bolted the route); this concept of "naming ownership" by the first ascensionist led to inertia with regard to the changing of problematic names including route names that were vulgar or had racial, sexual, colonial, discriminatory or other, slurs, tropes or stereotyping.

In 2020, the climbing community more directly confronted the issue of problematic names. In June 2020, climbing author Andrew Bisharat wrote in Rock & Ice that "routes belong to us all. That should include their names" in regard to changing problematic names. At the same time, Duane Raleigh, the editor of Rock & Ice, stepped down from his post recognizing some problematic names that he had given his own routes in the past. The debate intensified, reaching national media attention in countries around the world, and was described as climbing's "#MeToo" moment.

In 2021, the American Alpine Club created the "Climb United" initiative to bring magazine editors, guidebook publishers and database managers, and other climbing community leaders together to create principles for naming routes that would "Build the best publishing practices to avoid harm caused by discriminatory or oppressive route names". Many climbing guidebook publishers and route databases introduced policies to redact inappropriate route names, including the largest online databases, theCrag.com, and (who had redacted 6,000 names in the first year).

Manufactured or artificial routes
Some climbers have physically altered the natural rock surface to "construct" a route (or make a route more climbable), by cutting or expanding handholds, which is also known as chipping. Such acts have at times caused controversy (e.g. 's Akira and Hugh), but at other times has not (e.g. 's famous route, La Rose et la Vampire). A 2022 survey by Climbing showed climbers were largely against manufacturing routes on natural outdoor rock on public lands, but were less negative on private lands (or on routes in quarries); they were willing to allow "cleaning" of routes (which some consider manufacturing), and also the repairing of routes (e.g. gluing back broken holds).

In contrast, is done on completely artificially manufactured sport climbing routes on , as is competition climbing where a manufactures a completely new route for each stage of the competition. In 2017, Black Diamond Equipment launched "The Project" on an indoor climbing wall in Sweden, with the aim of creating the world's hardest sport climbing route at circa. ; it was later deconstructed having never been fully ascended, despite attempts by some of the world's best climbers, including , , and . Since then, other "Project-type" routes have been created on other climbing walls, with the goal of being the world's hardest route.

Permanent-protection and retro-bolting of routes
There has been a long-term debate in the climbing world on the use of permanently fixed in-situ climbing protection (e.g. such as bolts or ) on climbing routes. Such protection is not to provide aid (i.e. it is not aid-climbing per se), but to increase the safety of the route. Climbers call routes that have such protection, "sport climbing routes" (i.e. there is no risk, so it is purely a sport). In the 1980s and 1990s in the US, this debate became so heated that it was known as the "bolt wars", with climbers bolt chopping (i.e. removing in-situ protection) on routes they considered to be traditional-only routes (i.e. no in-situ protection).

While all indoor climbing routes are bolted sport routes, the use of bolts in the outdoor natural environment raised environmental considerations, which led to the development of the movement.

(2009). 9781594852701, Mountaineers Books.

Other objections to pre-bolted protection highlighted the effect that such protection had on the very nature and challenge of a climbing route. In 1971, Italian mountaineer wrote a famous essay called The Murder of the Impossible (which was believed to have been inspired by the 400-bolt ), challenging that the use of such protection was diminishing the nature of mountaineering, saying of such climbers: "he carries his courage in his rucksack, in the form of bolts and equipment". Such concerns also relate to the debate on of traditional climbing routes, which is the conversion into safer sport climbing routes, but that also fundamentally alters the nature of the route challenge.

Notable routes
Rock climbing
  • . Two of the most famous bouldering routes in history are Midnight Lightning in , and Dreamtime in Switzerland. Other notable bouldering routes include in Italy, the world's first-ever graded route, and Burden of Dreams in Finland, the world's first-ever graded route.
  • . Two of the most famous sport climbing routes in history are Action Directe in Germany, the world's first-ever route, and Realization/Biographie in France, the world's first consensus route. Other notable sport climbing routes include in Nevada, the world's first-ever sport route, and Silence in Norway, the world's first-ever sport route.
  • Traditional climbing. Traditional climbing was at the origin of , and many countries have their own notable traditional routes (e.g. in Britain). Routes that set important milestones include Grand Illusion in , first , The Phoenix in , first and the first-ever use of "friends", and Super Crack in the , early consensus . Notable contemporary traditional climbing routes include in Canada, Rhapsody in Britain, Blackbeard’s Tears and Meltdown in the US, and Tribe in Italy.
  • Big wall climbing and . Many of the most famous aid climbing routes were on big wall routes, which eventually became routes. The most famous route is The Nose whose aid ascent at 5.9 A2 was a major milestone in climbing, as was its eventual freeing at 5.14a. has several other famous aid/big wall routes such as Salathé Wall (5.9 A2 aid, or 5.13b free) and the Salathé variant, Freerider, the most famous big wall free solo in history, and Dawn Wall, the first-ever 9a big wall route in history. Notable European routes are the north faces of the Tre Cime di Lavaredo in the (e.g. ), and on the southwest face of the Aiguille du Dru in France (e.g. Bonatti Pillar).

Ice climbing
  • . Notable ice routes include the first to get near/above the WI6 grade milestone (i.e. sheer vertical sustained ice) such as Gimme Shelter, Riptide, and Sea of Vapours in the , and Repentance Super in the in Italy. Since 2010, in Canada has produced overhanging ice climbs above the WI10 grade, including Mission to Mars the world's first-ever WI13 graded ice route.
  • . The most famous route is 's Octopussy WI6 M8 R, which started the mixed climbing revolution; this was followed by early consensus M10-12 routes in Europe and North America such as Reptile in Vail, Colorado, X-files and Empire Strikes Back in , and Musashi in Canada. Iron Man in Switzerland became the world's first consensus M14, and also the world's first-ever FFFA of an M14.
    (2009). 9781873341964, Rockfax.
  • . Notable routes include Bichette Light in France, the world's first-ever D14 (and with no mixed/ice component). The Tomorrow's World Cave in the in Italy produced the world's first-ever consensus D15 ( A Line Above the Sky), and consensus D16 ( Parallel World) routes.

Mountaineering
  • . One of the most famous alpine climbing routes is the 1938 Heckmair Route (ED2 V− A0 60 degrees), on the north face of the . The route is also one of the famous six alpine routes that first ascended the great north faces of the Alps. As alpine climbing spread outside of the Alps, famous routes were established on Himalayan peaks such as , , , and .
  • . The most famous expedition climbing routes involve the , which are the 14 mountains in the and the that are above in height above . While reaching the summits of eight-thousanders by any route was once considered a major milestone, the development of even harder climbs on their faces and pillars has created several famous routes amongst climbers including the "Rupal Face" on and the "Magic Line" on K2's southwest pillar; both of which have been tried by alpine climbers.

See also
  • Glossary of climbing terms
  • List of grade milestones in rock climbing
  • The Himalayan Database, database of climbing routes

External links
  • theCrag, Europe's largest online rock climbing route database
  • MountainProject, North America's largest online rock and ice climbing route database

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